Özet
Dayanak
Nehir sularının mevsimsel ağır metal kirliliği, çevre ve insan sağlığı için önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadır ancak biyolojik etkileri genellikle yeterince tanımlanmamıştır.
Amaçlar
Bu çalışmanın amacı, nehir suyu kirliliğindeki mevsimsel değişimleri araştırmak ve bu suların insan keratinositleri üzerindeki ilişkili sitotoksik, oksidatif ve genotoksik etkilerini bütünleşik bir in vitro yaklaşım kullanarak değerlendirmektir.
Yöntemler
Bu çalışmada, dört mevsim boyunca nehir suyu örnekleri toplanmış ve entegre bir in vitro yaklaşım kullanılarak insan keratinositlerinde sitotoksik ve genotoksik etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Hücreler, 24 ve 48 saat boyunca örneklerle temas ettirilmiştir. Sitotoksisite, 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromür testi ile, element birikimi indüktif eşleşmiş plazma–kütle spektrometrisi ile ve oksidatif ve genotoksik tepkiler reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) ve 8-hidroksi-2′-deoksiguanozin (8-OHdG) düzeyleri değerlendirilerek ölçülmüştür.
Bulgular
Tüm numuneler zamana ve mevsime bağlı sitotoksisiteye neden olurken, kontrol hücreleri etkilenmemiştir. Sonbaharda toplanan numuneler maksimum sitotoksisite göstermiş, hücre ölüm oranı 24 saatte %38,94 ile %80,09 arasında değişmiş ve 48 saatte %56,97 ile %81,03’e yükselmiştir. İlkbaharda toplanan örnekler, 48 saatte hücre ölümünün ≤%90,03’e ulaşmasıyla ikinci en yüksek ölüm oranını indükledi. Artan sitotoksisite, 24 saatte Fe, Al, Cr, Ni, Ca ve Sr ve 48 saatte Ti, Mn, Zn, Cu ve P hücre seviyelerindeki artışla ilişkiliydi, bu da hızlı alım ve gecikmiş birikim modellerini gösteriyordu. Nehir suyuna maruz kalma, özellikle sonbahar ve ilkbahar örneklerinde, ROS oluşumunu (p < 0,005) ve 8-OHdG seviyelerini önemli ölçüde artırarak, kümülatif oksidatif DNA hasarını ortaya koydu.
Sonuç
Bu bulgular, nehir suyunun mevsimsel ağır metal kirliliğinin, insan keratinositlerinde oksidatif stres aracılı sitotoksisite ve genotoksisiteye neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, kirlenmiş tatlı su sistemleriyle ilişkili sağlık risklerini daha iyi değerlendirmek için rutin su kalitesi izleme protokollerine biyolojik son noktaların dahil edilmesinin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
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